The foregoing calculations were done with groups of different sizes. If the groups are the same size, the calculations simplify somewhat and the F F -ratio can be written as: F F -Ratio Formula when the groups are the same size. F = n ⋅ s2x¯ s2pooled (13.3.15) (13.3.15) F = n ⋅ s x ¯ 2 s pooled 2.The F or fertility plasmid also called the sex factor or fertility factoris a conjugative plasmid found in several bacteria...This plasmid control sexual fun...Sep 25, 2019 · The reason a carb-free food, like olive oil, still needs to be taken into consideration is calories. One of the reasons non-starchy vegetables are a free food on F-Factor is that they’re relatively low in calories (~25 calories for an entire cup), and that’s just not the case with oil. Just one tablespoon of oil is 135 calories, and …Apr 14, 2020 · In a mixing bowl, mix egg, apple sauce/mashed banana, and coconut oil (if using). Add remaining ingredients and mix until a well-combined batter has formed. Spoon batter onto prepared cookie sheet, ~1 inch apart (batter should yield 12 cookies). Place in oven to bake for 12 minutes. Remove from oven and enjoy. หมายถึง ราคาค่าก่อสร้างในงาน ก่อสร้างของทางราชการในแต่ละงาน ย อมรบ ไ ร าคาที่ ไม. ร าคากล ค ่ าก่อส ร ก าหนด ร าชการ ร ้ั บ แ ละเป น ...must be in ng/scm (lb/scf) and the F factor must be in scm/J (scf/million Btu). If the pollutant concentration (C) is not in the appropriate units, use Table 19–1 in Section 17.0 to make the proper conversion. An F factor is the ratio of the gas volume of the products of combustion to the heat content of the fuel. The dry F factor (F. dQuick Reference. A bacterial cell possessing a fertility (F) factor extrachromosomally in a plasmid. An F + cell can donate the F factor to an F − cell during conjugation. If the F factor integrates into the bacterial chromosome, the cell becomes an Hfr (q.v.), capable of transferring chromosomal genes. See F factor. From: F+ cell in A ...1 day ago · A Moody Chart (or Moody Diagram) is a diagram used in the calculation of pressure drop or head loss due to friction in pipe flow. More specifically, a Moody diagram is used to find the friction factor for flow in a pipe. Friction factor is plotted vs. Reynolds number and relative roughness on a Moody chart. Relative roughness …is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of April 29, 2024. ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID. Number …The F-Factor diet was developed over 20 years by New York dietitian Tanya Zuckerbrot. On its website, the F-Factor boasts that it is the “most liberating approach to weight loss and optimal health,” saying that its four “disruptive principles” — eat carbs; dine out; drink alcohol; work out less — make it “liberating” and ...The F-Factor Diet has three phases, each with a different target number for net carbs (aka the total amount of carbs minus fiber). The first two weeks, you restrict to less than 35 grams of net carbs; the next two weeks allow up to 75 grams of net carbs, and the final phase increases to 125 grams net carbs. During phase one, you also eliminate ...Dec 4, 2007 · · More than 75 quick and delicious F-Factor approved recipes plus a complete set of guidelines for dining out and ordering in. · Proven tips, tools, and solutions to keep you motivated, inspired, and on track. It’s time to change your life forever and join the F-Factor movement. Your journey to a happier, healthier you begins now! Dec 4, 2007 · · More than 75 quick and delicious F-Factor approved recipes plus a complete set of guidelines for dining out and ordering in. · Proven tips, tools, and solutions to keep you motivated, inspired, and on track. It’s time to change your life forever and join the F-Factor movement. Your journey to a happier, healthier you begins now! F-Factor Peanut Butter Fiber/Protein Bar (box of 12) Sold Out. Buy on Amazon. Jan 28, 2020 · The F-Factor diet puts a big emphasis on a not so secret nutrient — fiber! For those that don’t know, fiber is the zero-calorie, non-digestible part of carbohydrates. A diet rich in fiber will help you feel more full after eating and will encourage you to eat less throughout the day. 3. The Benefits Of Fiber. F-factor (conversion factor) In diagnostic radiology, the F-factor is the conversion factor between exposure to ionizing radiation and the absorbed dose from that radiation. In other words, it converts between the amount of ionization in air ( roentgens or, in SI units, coulombs per kilogram of absorber material) and the absorbed dose in air ... The F factor is a 100-kb conjugative plasmid. The tra operon encodes functions required for conjugative transfer of the F factor. Transposable elements are indicated: IS 3, IS 2, and Tn 1000, and the direction of transfer is indicated by the thin arrow. (Modified from Firth et al., 1996 .) F-factor (conversion factor) In diagnostic radiology, the F-factor is the conversion factor between exposure to ionizing radiation and the absorbed dose from that radiation. In other words, it converts between the amount of ionization in air ( roentgens or, in SI units, coulombs per kilogram of absorber material) and the absorbed dose in air ...Oct 15, 2023 · The Factoring Calculator finds the factors and factor pairs of a positive or negative number. Enter an integer number to find its factors. For positive integers the calculator will only present the positive factors because that is the normally accepted answer. For example, you get 2 and 3 as a factor pair of 6.Oct 7, 2016 · Wild-type F-factor replication genes will complement the mutant F ts114 lac + replication genes in cells containing two F factors. The F ts114 lac + episome is retained when these cells are grown at 42 C; however, cells containing an R(fi + ) factor and F ts114 lac + lose the F ts114 lac + when grown at 42 C, at the same …Get Factor and enjoy fully prepared, dietitian-approved meals delivered to your doorstep. No commitment necessary—skip or cancel at any time. Factor sends you ready-to-eat meals straight to your doorstep so you can have dinner on the table in …The F-Factor Diet has three phases, each with a different target number for net carbs (aka the total amount of carbs minus fiber). The first two weeks, you restrict to less than 35 grams of net carbs; the next two weeks allow up to 75 grams of net carbs, and the final phase increases to 125 grams net carbs. During phase one, you also eliminate ...The foregoing calculations were done with groups of different sizes. If the groups are the same size, the calculations simplify somewhat and the F F -ratio can be written as: F F -Ratio Formula when the groups are the same size. F = n ⋅ s2x¯ s2pooled (13.3.15) (13.3.15) F = n ⋅ s x ¯ 2 s pooled 2.Mar 5, 2024 · Customers give Factor a 3.9-star rating, according to Trustpilot. Factor has replied to 90% of negative reviews, and the company usually responds in 24 hours or less. "I cook a lot and make healthy meals almost every day and was looking for some healthy premade meals to give myself a break. USDA Organic is protected by law, inspected by experts, traced from farm to store, and shaped by public input. USDA develops and enforces the organic standards, which require products to be produced using farming practices that maintain and improve soil and water quality, minimize the use of synthetic materials, conserve biodiversity, and avoid genetic …F-Factor is the most liberating, sustainable, and effective approach to weight loss and optimal health. Subscribe. Home. Videos. Shorts. Playlists. Why F-Factor. Play all. Fiber …Factor has more than 23,000 online reviews on TrustPilot, the majority of which are positive. Of these, 63% rate the company as excellent; another 20% claim it’s great and 17% say it’s average ...Use as a dip for crudités, pour over favorite greens to complete a salad or use as a sauce for grilled shrimp, chicken or ahi tuna. INGREDIENTS (serves 14): PREPARATIONS: Place bottle of Makoto dressing in blender with 20/20 powder and water and pulse until well-combined. Enjoy as desired. F-Factor Peanut Butter Fiber/Protein Bar (box of 12) Sold Out. Buy on Amazon. A Champion Chocolate Chip. FACTOR-IN/FACTOR-OUT™ We’ve scoured supermarkets and restaurants to find healthy F–Factor® approved food swaps for high-calorie favorites. Now you can satisfy your cravings without sabotaging your waistline.*. The champ is here!Jan 11, 2018 · What is the F-Factor diet? Registered dietitian Tanya Zuckerbrot created the F-Factor Diet to help her patients lower their cholesterol and control their diabetes. Jan. 11, 2018, 10:47 PM UTC ... Preheat oven to 350°F. Coat an 8×8 inch baking dish with nonstick cooking spray, set aside. In a large bowl, mix together all ingredients until well combined. Pour into prepared inch pan and bake for 25-30 minutes. Allow brownies to cool and cut into 9 square pieces. F-Factor Peanut Butter Fiber/Protein Bar (box of 12) Sold Out. Buy on Amazon. F Factor. S.M. Rosenberg, P.J. Hastings, in Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2001 Importance of the F Factor in Bacterial Genetics. The original isolate of E. coli K12, from Stanford, carried an F plasmid. When Edward Tatum turned to E. coli for generalization of his biochemical genetic studies with Beadle (which led to the “one gene, one enzyme” hypothesis) in the …Subscribe for Exclusive Offers & More. Sign up for our newsletter, and you’ll be the first to receive exclusive offers, new product announcements, and lifestyle content from our wellness experts. You can unsubscribe at any time. Get 50% off a Factor subscription + 2 free wellness shots per order. Our chef-prepared meal delivery …Dec 15, 2019 · The F-Factor’s website is correct when it says that fiber makes losing weight easier because it adds bulk to foods, slows digestion and satisfies hunger. But it also has a few potentially ... F-Factor Blueberry Fiber/Protein Bar (box of 12) Visit our online store to discover all of our official F-Factor food products. Find our best selling 20/20 protein powders and protein bars. Shop now! Sep 21, 2020 · F-Factor is a high-protein, high-fiber diet that is intended to be used as a weight-loss regimen. According to its website, "The F-Factor approach focuses on combining lean proteins with high ... The F factor (or F plasmid) has played a critical role in the development of Escherichia coli as a laboratory model organism and has provided general important insights in the genetics, evolution, and physiology of bacteria. This article summarizes certain aspects of the scientific literature surrounding F, with a consideration of how this ... Get your fiber wherever you go with F-Factor bars. With 20 grams of fat-fighting fiber to boost metabolism along with 20 grams of muscle-building protein, F-Factor bars are the perfect snack to help fill you up without filling you out no matter where you are. F-Factor Peanut Butter Fiber/Protein Bar (box of 12) F-Factor powders pack 20 grams of fat-fighting fiber and 20 grams of muscle-building protein and can be easily used in smoothies, baked sweets, and savory foods. F-Factor 20/20 Fiber/Protein Powders pack in 20 grams of muscle-building organic protein along with 20 grams of fat-fighting fiber to boost metabolism. With these macros, F-Factor 20/20 Fiber/Protein powders satisfy hunger longer than your standard protein-only based shakes—meet more than half your daily fiber needs with just 1 serving!Jan 4, 2021 · What the F-Factor involves, and how it works. Zuckerbrot positions the F-Factor diet as a unique, science-based “liberating” and “sustainable” approach to weight loss and good health.... F-Factor Low Carb High Fiber Banana French Toast. INGREDIENTS (serves 1 – 2 Pieces of French Toast): PREPARATIONS: Place egg whites, F-Factor Vanilla 20/20 Fiber/Protein Powder, cinnamon, 1/2 banana in blender and pulse until well combined... The F-Factor Diet book was first published over 14 years ago, and it has been endorsed by countless nutritionists and physicians since. The F-Factor diet is 100% safe, but the company recognizes ...The F-Factor diet was developed over 20 years by New York dietitian Tanya Zuckerbrot. On its website, the F-Factor boasts that it is the “most liberating approach to weight loss and optimal health,” saying that its four “disruptive principles” — eat carbs; dine out; drink alcohol; work out less — make it “liberating” and ...Jun 11, 2017 · The F-factor allows the donor to produce a thin, tubelike structure called a pilus, which the donor uses to contact the recipient. The pilus then draws the two bacteria together, at which time the ...F-Factor is a high fiber diet plan created by Registered Dietitian Tanya Zuckerbrot. It includes a diet plan, a standard food line, books, and other products. The diet focuses on …The F-Factor Diet approach to weight loss and maintenance is broken out into three steps: For two weeks you'll eat at least 35 grams of fiber and fewer than 35 grams of net carbs per day. (You can calculate net carbs by subtracting total carbs and the number of grams of fiber.) During these two weeks, you should avoid eating starches, including ...In Step 2, F-Factor diet followers are advised to eat three additional servings of carbohydrates, preferably high-fiber options, throughout the day, with the recommended maximum net carb intake being 75 grams.To help folks plan their meals without all the guesswork, the F-Factor book provides the Food Exchange Lists created by the … must be in ng/scm (lb/scf) and the F factor must be in scm/J (scf/million Btu). If the pollutant concentration (C) is not in the appropriate units, use Table 19–1 in Section 17.0 to make the proper conversion. An F factor is the ratio of the gas volume of the products of combustion to the heat content of the fuel. The dry F factor (F. d The F-Factor Diet book was first published over 14 years ago, and it has been endorsed by countless nutritionists and physicians since. The F-Factor diet is 100% safe, but the company recognizes ...Aug 25, 2020 · F-Factor asks followers to eat 35-plus grams of the nutrient per day (that's 10 grams more than the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 25-gram recommendation for women).Meanwhile, people are ... What the F-Factor involves, and how it works. Zuckerbrot positions the F-Factor diet as a unique, science-based “liberating” and … INGREDIENTS (serves 1): PREPARATIONS: In a mixing bowl combine egg whites, 20/20 powder, coconut oil, and almond milk. Whisk until well combined. Lightly coat a 12-inch non-stick skillet with... Step 1 of the F-Factor diet is meant to boost weight loss and help ease you into the diet. Here are food recipes that are approved for Step 1. Wild-type F-factor replication genes will complement the mutant F ts114 lac + replication genes in cells containing two F factors. The F ts114 lac + episome is retained when these cells are grown at 42 C; however, cells containing an R(fi + ) factor and F ts114 lac + lose the F ts114 lac + when grown at 42 C, at the same rate as cells containing only …Mar 30, 2021 · F-Factor works because unlike other diets, you’re not hungry throughout the day, and it’s sustainable. F-Factor is based on 4 disruptive principles that are counterintuitive to everything we believe about the weight loss space: Eat carbs. The right carbs are filling, low in calories, and boost metabolism. Dine out. The F factor begins to move into the recipient as it replicates. Initial transfer includes only a portion of the F factor, followed by the donor’s chromosome. If the cells remain connected, the transfer of the entire chromosome and the remainder of the integrated F factor will take approximately 100 minutes.The F-Factor Diet book was first published over 14 years ago, and it has been endorsed by countless nutritionists and physicians since. The F-Factor diet is 100% safe, but the company recognizes ...Feb 6, 2024 · UMF vs MGO. When choosing between UMF and MGO graded honey, the choice is easy. MGO grades only refer to MGO content, whereas UMF honey refers to MGO content as well as DHA, leptosperin and NPA - all indicators of antibacterial potency. Therefore, a UMF grading gives a better indication of quality …Healthier Gut. Fiber is a prebiotic that plays a fundamental role in gut health, and overall health and wellness. The "F" in F-Factor stands for fiber. Fiber adds bulk to food, slows digestion, boosts your metabolism, absorbs calories and satsifies hunger.Flax-To-The-Max Pineapple Smoothie. INGREDIENTS (serves 1): PREPARATIONS: Place all ingredients (except shredded coconut) in blender and pulse to desired consistency. Pour into glass. Top with 1/2 Tbsp shredded coconut, if desired. More than just an online factoring calculator. Wolfram|Alpha is a great tool for factoring, expanding or simplifying polynomials. It also multiplies, divides and finds the greatest common divisors of pairs of polynomials; determines values of polynomial roots; plots polynomials; finds partial fraction decompositions; and more. is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of April 29, 2024. ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID. Number …F-Factor is a high fiber diet plan created by Registered Dietitian Tanya Zuckerbrot. It includes a diet plan, a standard food line, books, and other products. The diet focuses on …Wild-type F-factor replication genes will complement the mutant F ts114 lac + replication genes in cells containing two F factors. The F ts114 lac + episome is retained when these cells are grown at 42 C; however, cells containing an R(fi + ) factor and F ts114 lac + lose the F ts114 lac + when grown at 42 C, at the same rate as cells ...Aug 26, 2020 · The F-Factor diet was developed over 20 years by New York dietitian Tanya Zuckerbrot. On its website , the F-Factor boasts that it is the “most liberating approach to weight loss and optimal health,” saying that its four “disruptive principles” — eat carbs; dine out; drink alcohol; work out less — make it “liberating” and ... Apr 5, 2019 · MATLAB递归函数递归函数就是函数调用自己本身，具体来说就是在一个函数模块里（设函数模块为factor.m，），存在函数（factor），这个函数（factor）用来调用函数模块（factor.m）。. 看下面的例子：递归函数求n的阶层创建函数文件factor.mfunction f=factor (n) % function ...หมายถึง ราคาค่าก่อสร้างในงาน ก่อสร้างของทางราชการในแต่ละงาน ย อมรบ ไ ร าคาที่ ไม. ร าคากล ค ่ าก่อส ร ก าหนด ร าชการ ร ้ั บ แ ละเป น ...Jan 11, 2023 · To journal each of the Smart Sweets: Smart Sweets Peach Rings: 42g carb, 24g fiber Smart Sweets Sour Blast Buddies and Sweet Fish: 42g carb, 22g fiber Smart Sweets Fruity Gummy Bears and Sour Gummy Bears: 36g carb, 11g fiber. PASTAS AND “PASTAS”. AL DENTE CARBA-NADA EGG FETTUCCINE (1 1/2 cups dry): 7g fiber. In Step 2, F-Factor diet followers are advised to eat three additional servings of carbohydrates, preferably high-fiber options, throughout the day, with the recommended maximum net carb intake being 75 grams.To help folks plan their meals without all the guesswork, the F-Factor book provides the Food Exchange Lists created by the …Jan 11, 2023 · To journal each of the Smart Sweets: Smart Sweets Peach Rings: 42g carb, 24g fiber Smart Sweets Sour Blast Buddies and Sweet Fish: 42g carb, 22g fiber Smart Sweets Fruity Gummy Bears and Sour Gummy Bears: 36g carb, 11g fiber. PASTAS AND “PASTAS”. AL DENTE CARBA-NADA EGG FETTUCCINE (1 1/2 …Inclusion & belonging. The F Factor community welcomes and celebrates all women working in tech careers: WOMEN DEFINITION// Women – transgender and cisgender, all those who experience or have experienced oppression as women, including non-binary and gender non-conforming people and all those who identify as women.Self-definition is at …1. Introduction. Conjugation was first discovered in 1946 by Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg, who showed that bacteria could exchange genetic information through the unidirectional transfer of DNA, mediated by a so-called F (Fertility) factor [].It was later realized that the F factor is a replicative extra-chromosomal genetic element, …F-Factor Team Review: MWH workouts are definitely a favorite among the F-Factor team. For Samantha Haas, MS, RD, CDN, she loves to power walk 3 miles in the morning and then do 10-20 minutes of strength training at night, which is perfect with the MWH App. She said, “I find it difficult to have an intense workout in the evening, but …Set air fryer to 350˚F and air fry each batch for 15-17 minutes, shaking a couple times during the cooking process. Cauliflower bites are done when the florets are a browned, but not mushy. Remove batch from air fryer; cover and set aside. Repeat steps 6-7 until remaining florets are air fried. For extra crispy cauliflower bites, …is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of April 29, 2024. ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID. Number …Physiological states of the F factor . a. Autonomous (F +) In this state the F factor carries only those genes necessary for its replication and for DNA transfer. There are no chromosomal genes associated with the F factor in F + strains. In crosses of the type F + X F-the F-becomes F + while F + remains F +. Thus, the F factor is infectious.Factor Menus & Meal. Plans: Customize Your. Culinary Experience. Explore Factor's diverse menus and personalized meal plans tailored to your preferences, providing a delightful …Feb 6, 2024 · UMF vs MGO. When choosing between UMF and MGO graded honey, the choice is easy. MGO grades only refer to MGO content, whereas UMF honey refers to MGO content as well as DHA, leptosperin and NPA - all indicators of antibacterial potency. Therefore, a UMF grading gives a better indication of quality …Columbus Dispatch. 0:03. 0:51. The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed Tuesday after being struck by a cargo ship, sending at least seven people into …
In a saucepan, whisk together soy sauce, vinegar, nonnutritive sweetener, PB2, water, sesame oil, ginger. Place on medium-high heat and bring to a simmer. Turn heat to low and continue to simmer for about 5 minutes, until sauce has thickened. Turn off heat and let cool. Once the sauce has cooled to room temperature, add the scallions.. Furla
一方でF-factorが2.5～3.0を超えてくると、ガス流速が大きくなり過ぎてエントレインメントやフラッディングを起こし効率が低下するためHETPは高くなります。 そのため、一般的には1≦F-factor≦2.5の範囲であれば安定的に運転できるとされています。 F-factorの導出Frédéric Vasseur is an unlikely paradigm breaker at first glance. The Ferrari team principal’s somewhat grumpy resting facial expression soon gives way to a twinkling …Go heavy on the greens and light on croutons, cheese, nuts or dried fruit. Throwing in just 1 cup of croutons and 1/3 cup of dried fruit adds in over 50g of carbs to your otherwise light salad. This course provides something light for the health-conscious to fill up on before the heavier dishes. Make vegetable sides the star of the show.1/4 tsp turmeric. 1 cup unsweetened vanilla almond milk. PREPARATIONS: Mix all ingredients in a blender, and pulse to desired consistency. Pour and enjoy! NUTRITIONAL CONTENT PER SERVING. Serves 1 – This is a Step 1 Approved Recipe. FOR JOURNALING ON THE F-FACTOR DIET: 39g carbohydrate, 24g …Zuckerbrot’s business was making more than a million dollars a month, the suit claims. Now, it’s making about $100,000 a month. Before Gellis started posting about the F-Factor Diet ...The F factor is often associated with Escherichia coli and appears to have been adapted by the bacterial host to act as an agent of genetic exchange and evolution. F encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that enables bacterial conjugation, the transfer of DNA from a donor F + to a recipient F − cell. The delivery of DNA containing either host or foreign genes …F-Factor powders pack 20 grams of fat-fighting fiber and 20 grams of muscle-building protein and can be easily used in smoothies, baked sweets, and savory foods. F-Factor 20/20 Fiber/Protein Powder – Vanilla Flavor Sold Out Nutrition Info. x. F ...Apr 14, 2020 · In a mixing bowl, mix egg, apple sauce/mashed banana, and coconut oil (if using). Add remaining ingredients and mix until a well-combined batter has formed. Spoon batter onto prepared cookie sheet, ~1 inch apart (batter should yield 12 cookies). Place in oven to bake for 12 minutes. Remove from oven and enjoy. 一方でF-factorが2.5～3.0を超えてくると、ガス流速が大きくなり過ぎてエントレインメントやフラッディングを起こし効率が低下するためHETPは高くなります。 そのため、一般的には1≦F-factor≦2.5の範囲であれば安定的に運転できるとされています。 F-factorの導出30 year old bride-to-be lost 15 lbs. *. “Before starting F-Factor I was stuck in a cycle of attempting diets, failing, feeling guilty, eating things I hadn’t planned on eating, and “restarting” diets without success….I had come to a point in my life where I was convinced my body “just couldn’t lose weight,” and felt frustrated ...Set air fryer to 350˚F and air fry each batch for 15-17 minutes, shaking a couple times during the cooking process. Cauliflower bites are done when the florets are a browned, but not mushy. Remove batch from air fryer; cover and set aside. Repeat steps 6-7 until remaining florets are air fried. For extra crispy cauliflower bites, …2 days ago · A numerical examination was carried out on a pin fin to develop a correlation between the Colburn-j factor and friction f factor. The study was conducted for a large range of Reynolds (Re) values, encompassing both laminar (Re 200–2000) and turbulent regions (Re 2500–15000). ANSYS Fluent was used to …must be in ng/scm (lb/scf) and the F factor must be in scm/J (scf/million Btu). If the pollutant concentration (C) is not in the appropriate units, use Table 19–1 in Section 17.0 to make the proper conversion. An F factor is the ratio of the gas volume of the products of combustion to the heat content of the fuel. The dry F factor (F. dMurillo shared his views while getting lunch at Boulevard Mall’s El Mercado, a hub of Latino small businesses and restaurants in Las Vegas, where he tries to frequent on a weekly …In a saucepan, whisk together soy sauce, vinegar, nonnutritive sweetener, PB2, water, sesame oil, ginger. Place on medium-high heat and bring to a simmer. Turn heat to low and continue to simmer for about 5 minutes, until sauce has thickened. Turn off heat and let cool. Once the sauce has cooled to room temperature, add the scallions..